That Atlantic piece by Graeme Wood about what ISIS really is – it’s worth reading.
Here’s the deal: it’s not just Islamism (which is bad enough), it’s the caliphate. That’s why it’s so attractive to so many people, and that in turn of course is why it’s so scary.
The group seized Mosul, Iraq, last June, and already rules an area larger than the United Kingdom. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi has been its leader since May 2010, but until last summer, his most recent known appearance on film was a grainy mug shot from a stay in U.S. captivity at Camp Bucca during the occupation of Iraq. Then, on July 5 of last year, he stepped into the pulpit of the Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul, to deliver a Ramadan sermon as the first caliph in generationsâupgrading his resolution from grainy to high-definition, and his position from hunted guerrilla to commander of all Muslims. The inflow of jihadists that followed, from around the world, was unprecedented in its pace and volume, and is continuing.
We get it wrong if we think it’s just more of the same, like al-Qaeda only more so, Wood says. It’s not. It’s not modern plus jihadism.
There is a temptation to rehearse this observationâthat jihadists are modern secular people, with modern political concerns, wearing medieval religious disguiseâand make it fit the Islamic State. In fact, much of what the group does looks nonsensical except in light of a sincere, carefully considered commitment to returning civilization to a seventh-century legal environment, and ultimately to bringing about the apocalypse.
The most-articulate spokesmen for that position are the Islamic Stateâs officials and supporters themselves. They refer derisively to âmoderns.â In conversation, they insist that they will notâcannotâwaver from governing precepts that were embedded in Islam by the Prophet Muhammad and his earliest followers.
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The reality is that the Islamic State is Islamic. Very Islamic. Yes, it has attracted psychopaths and adventure seekers, drawn largely from the disaffected populations of the Middle East and Europe. But the religion preached by its most ardent followers derives from coherent and even learned interpretations of Islam.
Hmm. By its most ardent followers – but then there are the less ardent followers. You know how people are – some are ardent, and others are sort of ardent and sort of not, and maybe tomorrow they’ll decide to do something else. But then the ardents can kill millions and millions of people while they have the upper hand, so there’s that.
Following takfiri doctrine, the Islamic State is committed to purifying the world by killing vast numbers of people. The lack of objective reporting from its territory makes the true extent of the slaughter unknowable, but social-media posts from the region suggest that individual executions happen more or less continually, and mass executions every few weeks. Muslim âapostatesâ are the most common victims. Exempted from automatic execution, it appears, are Christians who do not resist their new government. Baghdadi permits them to live, as long as they pay a special tax, known as the jizya, and acknowledge their subjugation. The Koranic authority for this practice is not in dispute.
But there is this impulse to deny it…
Many refuse to believe that this group is as devout as it claims to be, or as backward-looking or apocalyptic as its actions and statements suggest.
Their skepticism is comprehensible. In the past, Westerners who accused Muslims of blindly following ancient scriptures came to deserved grief from academicsânotably the late Edward Saidâwho pointed out that calling Muslims âancientâ was usually just another way to denigrate them. Look instead, these scholars urged, to the conditions in which these ideologies aroseâthe bad governance, the shifting social mores, the humiliation of living in lands valued only for their oil.
Well yes, the shifting social mores, like women walking around in the world without a real human’s permission. I think Said was wrong about a lot of things.
Without acknowledgment of these factors, no explanation of the rise of the Islamic State could be complete. But focusing on them to the exclusion of ideology reflects another kind of Western bias: that if religious ideology doesnât matter much in Washington or Berlin, surely it must be equally irrelevant in Raqqa or Mosul. When a masked executioner says Allahu akbar while beheading an apostate, sometimes heâs doing so for religious reasons.
And besides, who says religious ideology doesnât matter much in Washington? Jeez, if only it didn’t.
Many mainstream Muslim organizations have gone so far as to say the Islamic State is, in fact, un-Islamic. It is, of course, reassuring to know that the vast majority of Muslims have zero interest in replacing Hollywood movies with public executions as evening entertainment. But Muslims who call the Islamic State un-Islamic are typically, as the Princeton scholar Bernard Haykel, the leading expert on the groupâs theology, told me, âembarrassed and politically correct, with a cotton-candy view of their own religionâ that neglects âwhat their religion has historically and legally required.â Many denials of the Islamic Stateâs religious nature, he said, are rooted in an âinterfaith-Christian-nonsense tradition.â
I recognize that tradition!
Every academic I asked about the Islamic Stateâs ideology sent me to Haykel. Of partial Lebanese descent, Haykel grew up in Lebanon and the United States, and when he talks through his Mephistophelian goatee, there is a hint of an unplaceable foreign accent.
According to Haykel, the ranks of the Islamic State are deeply infused with religious vigor. Koranic quotations are ubiquitous. âEven the foot soldiers spout this stuff constantly,â Haykel said. âThey mug for their cameras and repeat their basic doctrines in formulaic fashion, and they do it all the time.â He regards the claim that the Islamic State has distorted the texts of Islam as preposterous, sustainable only through willful ignorance. âPeople want to absolve Islam,â he said. âItâs this âIslam is a religion of peaceâ mantra. As if there is such a thing as âIslamâ! Itâs what Muslims do, and how they interpret their texts.â Those texts are shared by all Sunni Muslims, not just the Islamic State. âAnd these guys have just as much legitimacy as anyone else.â
All Muslims acknowledge that Muhammadâs earliest conquests were not tidy affairs, and that the laws of war passed down in the Koran and in the narrations of the Prophetâs rule were calibrated to fit a turbulent and violent time. In Haykelâs estimation, the fighters of the Islamic State are authentic throwbacks to early Islam and are faithfully reproducing its norms of war. This behavior includes a number of practices that modern Muslims tend to prefer not to acknowledge as integral to their sacred texts. âSlavery, crucifixion, and beheadings are not something that freakish [jihadists] are cherry-picking from the medieval tradition,â Haykel said. Islamic State fighters âare smack in the middle of the medieval tradition and are bringing it wholesale into the present day.â
That part doesn’t surprise me, it’s what I’ve assumed all along. It’s the part about the caliphate and its “legitimacy” I didn’t know.
The last caliphate was the Ottoman empire, which reached its peak in the 16th century and then experienced a long decline, until the founder of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal AtatĂŒrk, euthanized it in 1924. But Cerantonio, like many supporters of the Islamic State, doesnât acknowledge that caliphate as legitimate, because it didnât fully enforce Islamic law, which requires stonings and slavery and amputations, and because its caliphs were not descended from the tribe of the Prophet, the Quraysh.
Baghdadi spoke at length of the importance of the caliphate in his Mosul sermon. He said that to revive the institution of the caliphateâwhich had not functioned except in name for about 1,000 yearsâwas a communal obligation. He and his loyalists had âhastened to declare the caliphate and place an imamâ at its head, he said. âThis is a duty upon the Muslimsâa duty that has been lost for centuries ⊠The Muslims sin by losing it, and they must always seek to establish it.â Like bin Laden before him, Baghdadi spoke floridly, with frequent scriptural allusion and command of classical rhetoric. Unlike bin Laden, and unlike those false caliphs of the Ottoman empire, he is Qurayshi.
That last sentence is…frightening. It explains a lot, and it’s frightening.
To be the caliph, one must meet conditions outlined in Sunni lawâbeing a Muslim adult man of Quraysh descent; exhibiting moral probity and physical and mental integrity; and having âamr, or authority. This last criterion, Cerantonio said, is the hardest to fulfill, and requires that the caliph have territory in which he can enforce Islamic law.
The caliph has that.
It’s all pretty sickening. That’s enough of it for today.